recapitulation
n . 重述要点,概括,摘要
重述要点,概括,摘要
recapitulation n 1 :
emergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or species [
synonym :
{
palingenesis }, {
recapitulation }] [
ant : {
caenogenesis },
{
cainogenesis }, {
cenogenesis }, {
kainogenesis },
{
kenogenesis }]
2 : (
music )
the section of a composition or movement (
especially in sonata form )
in which musical themes that were introduced earlier are repeated 3 :
a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion [
synonym : {
recapitulation }, {
recap }, {
review }]
4 : (
music )
the repetition of themes introduced earlier (
especially when one is composing the final part of a movement )
Recapitulation \
Re `
ca *
pit `
u *
la "
tion \
(
r [=
e ]`
k [.
a ]*
p [
i ^]
t "[-
u ]*
l [=
a ]"
sh [
u ^]
n ),
n . [
LL .
recapitulatio :
cf .
F .
recapitulation .]
1 .
The act of recapitulating ;
a summary ,
or concise statement or enumeration ,
of the principal points ,
facts ,
or statements ,
in a preceding discourse ,
argument ,
or essay .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 . (
Zool .)
That process of development of the individual organism from the embryonic stage onward ,
which displays a parallel between the development of an individual animal (
ontogeny )
and the historical evolution of the species (
phylogeny ).
Some authors recognize two types of recapitulation , {
palingenesis },
in which the truly ancestral characters conserved by heredity are reproduced during development ;
and {
cenogenesis } ({
kenogenesis }
or {
coenogenesis }),
the mode of individual development in which alterations in the development process have changed the original process of recapitulation and obscured the evolutionary pathway .
[
PJC ]
This parallel is explained by the theory of evolution ,
according to which ,
in the words of Sidgwick , "
the developmental history of the individual appears to be a short and simplified repetition ,
or in a certain sense a recapitulation ,
of the course of development of the species ."
Examples of recapitulation may be found in the embryological development of all vertebrates .
Thus the frog develops through stages in which the embryo just before hatching is very fish -
like ,
after hatching becomes a tadpole which exhibits many newt -
like characters ;
and finally reaches the permanent frog stage .
This accords with the comparative rank of the fish ,
newt and frog groups in classification ;
and also with the succession appearance of these groups .
Man ,
as the highest animal ,
exhibits most completely these phenomena .
In the earliest stages the human embryo is indistinguishable from that of any other creature .
A little later the cephalic region shows gill -
slits ,
like those which in a shark are a permanent feature ,
and the heart is two -
chambered or fish -
like .
Further development closes the gill -
slits ,
and the heart changes to the reptilian type .
Here the reptiles stop ,
while birds and mammals advance further ;
but the human embryo in its progress to the higher type recapitulates and leaves features characteristic of lower mammalian forms --
for instance ,
a distinct and comparatively long tail exists .
Most of these changes are completed before the embryo is six weeks old ,
but some traces of primitive and obsolete structures persist throughout life as "
vestiges "
or "
rudimentary organs ,"
and others appear after birth in infancy ,
as the well -
known tendency of babies to turn their feet sideways and inward ,
and to use their toes and feet as grasping organs ,
after the manner of monkeys .
This recapitulation of ancestral characters in ontogeny is not complete ,
however ,
for not all the stages are reproduced in every case ,
so far as can be perceived ;
and it is irregular and complicated in various ways among others by the inheritance of acquired characters .
The most special students of it ,
as Haeckel ,
Fritz M ["
u ]
tter ,
Hyatt ,
Balfour ,
etc .,
distinguish two sorts of recapitulation {
palingenesis },
exemplified in amphibian larvae and {
coenogenesis },
the last manifested most completely in the metamorphoses of insects .
Palingenesis is recapitulation without any fundamental changes due to the later modification of the primitive method of development ,
while in coenogenesis ,
the mode of development has suffered alterations which obscure the original process of recapitulation ,
or support it entirely .
--
Encyclopedia Americana ,
1961 .
[
PJC ]
69 Moby Thesaurus words for "
recapitulation ":
abbreviation ,
abridgment ,
abstract ,
account ,
accounts ,
apocope ,
body count ,
capitulation ,
census ,
compression ,
condensation ,
conspectus ,
copy ,
core ,
count ,
critique ,
curtailment ,
dwelling upon ,
elaboration ,
elision ,
ellipsis ,
epitome ,
essence ,
foreshortening ,
gist ,
going over ,
head count ,
inventory ,
iteration ,
main point ,
meat ,
nose count ,
pith ,
practicing ,
precis ,
reaffirmation ,
recap ,
recital ,
reckoning ,
recount ,
recountal ,
recounting ,
reduction ,
rehash ,
rehearsal ,
reissue ,
reiteration ,
repertory ,
reprint ,
restatement ,
resume ,
retelling ,
retrenchment ,
review ,
run -
through ,
rundown ,
shortening ,
statement ,
substance ,
sum ,
sum and substance ,
summary ,
summation ,
summing ,
summing up ,
syncope ,
synopsis ,
telescoping ,
truncation
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